Description
Please use APA with references. Paper needs to be 1 to 2 pages in length. I’m looking for a conceptual framework that is qualitative and the issues are law enforcement patrolling low and high income neighborhoods of mentally ill people.
1
Prospectus
Social Sensitivity of Law Enforcement to Mentally Ill
Melissa Griffin
PhD of Public Policy and Administration
A00762868
2
Prospectus: Social Sensitivity of Law Enforcement to Mentally Ill Individuals
Problem Statement
Mental health disability strikes people in every culture and ethnic group. People with a
mental health disability may experience problems (Araujo & Borrell, 2012) with little to no
social support. They can face difficulties such as having a job, finding a decent place to live, and
treatment (Borinstein, 1992; Overton & Medina, 2008). Others may view people with mental
health disabilities as individuals who are dangerous, loud, violent, and having unpredictable
behaviors (Araujo & Borrell, 2012; Bathje & Pryor, 2011). The stigma with mental health
disability may deprive people of their self-respect, affect the way they participate in public, and
discriminate against them due to their mental health disability (Anglin, Link, & Phelan, 2006;
Corrigan, Byrne, Davis, & Watson, 2005).
One issue law enforcement and the mentally ill have is violence and taking away a
person’s rights. These are violations and a significant barrier against people with a
mental illness. Monahan, J et al. (2001) states many people with mental illness are no more likely
to be violent than the general population unless they are left untreated. Reducing police violence
against a person with a mental illness has received increasing attention in communities with a
high-income. Kohrt, B.A. et al. (2015) believes there exists a lack of implementation models for
the involvement of law enforcement in the protection of people with a mental illness in lowerincome communities.
R.J. Bursik, & H.G. Grasmick, (1993) believes encounters that take place in higherincome neighborhoods may result in referral or transport to services than those in lower-income
areas. Battles taking place in higher-income and higher-stability communities are likely to be
dispatch-initiated and take place in a private home compared to those in lower-income
3
and lower-stability communities. Klinger (1997) and Smith (1987) suggest ways to improve the
outcomes of police interactions with persons with a mental illness and it becomes essential to
consider other background variables that could influence how law enforcement may behave. This
study will examine the effect of neighborhood context as a background variable. Specifically, it
will explore how variations in neighborhood income levels are related to law enforcement
behavior toward mentally ill individuals.
This qualitative case study will be conducted exclusively in Jackson, Mississippi. This
location was chosen because Jackson Mississippi has both low- and high-income
neighborhoods. Jackson is a comparatively large city that is in the state of Mississippi. Jackson
has a population of about 167,000 people and about 50 fundamental neighborhoods. In
Mississippi, Jackson is the largest community. According to Welfareinfo.org. (2019), an online
article, it states the poverty rate in Jackson almost 29%. Out of every
4 residents in Jackson one live in poverty. That’s almost 48,000 of 167,000 Jackson
residents whose reported income levels are below the poverty line within the last year (2018).
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative research study is to investigate, understand, and
explore the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and police
treatment of mentally ill individuals. I will investigate to see how law enforcement records and
reacts to circumstances involving people with a mental illness in both low-income and highincome communities and the communication law enforcement has when assisting mentally ill
people in their communities. Another objective is to explore how police might utilize different
approaches in high-and low-income neighborhoods while minimizing deaths, learning effective
4
ways to communicate, and to see if there is any training needed within law enforcement agencies
(Lum et al. 2015) or within the public.
Research Question(s)
1. What is the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and
police treatment of mentally ill individuals?
5
References
Anglin, D., Link, B., & Phelan, J. (2006). Racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward
people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 57(6).
Araujo, B., & Borrell, L. (2012). Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health
outcomes, and life chances among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavior Sciences. 28(2),
245-266.
Bathje, G., & Pryor, J. (2011). The relationship of public and self-stigma to seeking mental
health services. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 33(2), 161-176.
Borinstein, A. (1992). Public attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Health Affairs, 11(3),
186-196.
Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective
community control. Macmillan, New York (1993)
Corrigan, P., Watson, A., Byrne, P., & Davis, K. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Problem of
public health or social justice? National Association of Social Workers. 363-368.
Klinger, David A. (1997). Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police
response to deviance Criminology, 35 (2) (1997), pp. 277-306
Kohrt, B. A., Blasingame, E., Compton, M. T., Dakana, S. F., Dossen, B., Lang, F., … Cooper,
J. (2015). Adapting the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model of Police–Mental Health
Collaboration in a Low-Income, Post-Conflict Country: Curriculum Development
in Liberia, West Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), e73–e80. https://doiorg.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302394
Lum, C., Koper, C.S., Merola, L.M., Scherer, A., and Reioux, A. (2015). Existing and Ongoing
Body Worn Camera Research: Knowledge gaps and opportunities. Report for the Laura
6
and John Arnold Foundation. Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy,
George Mason University.
Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P., Robbins, P., Mulvey, E., et al. (2001).
Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacAr-thur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence.
New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press.
Overton, S. & Medina, S. (2008). The stigma of mental illness. Journal of Counseling &
Development. 86, 143-151.
Riksheim, Eric C. (1987). Causes of police behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21 (1993),
pp. 353-382
Smith, D. A. (1987). Police response to interpersonal violence: Defining the parameters of legal
control Social Forces, 65 (3) (1987), pp. 767-782
Teplin, L., McClelland, G., Abram, K., & Weiner, D. (2005). Crime victimization in adults
withsevere mental illness: Comparison with the National Crime Victimization
Survey.Archives of General Psychi-atry, 62(8), 911-921. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.8
Welfareinfo.org. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.welfareinfo.org/povertyrate/mississippi/jackson
Problem Statement
Mental health disability strikes people in every culture and ethnic group. People with a
mental health disability may experience problems (Araujo & Borrell, 2012) with little to no
social support. They can face difficulties such as having a job, finding a decent place to live, and
treatment (Borinstein, 1992; Overton & Medina, 2008). Others may view people with mental
health disabilities as individuals who are dangerous, loud, violent, and having unpredictable
behaviors (Araujo & Borrell, 2012; Bathje & Pryor, 2011). The stigma with mental health
disability may deprive people of their self-respect, affect the way they participate in public, and
discriminate against them due to their mental health disability (Anglin, Link, & Phelan, 2006;
Corrigan, Byrne, Davis, & Watson, 2005).
One issue law enforcement and the mentally ill have is violence and taking away a
person’s rights. These are violations and a significant barrier against people with a
mental illness. Monahan, J et al. (2001) states many people with mental illness are no more likely
to be violent than the general population unless they are left untreated. Reducing police violence
against a person with a mental illness has received increasing attention in communities with a
high-income. Kohrt, B.A. et al. (2015) believes there exists a lack of implementation models for
the involvement of law enforcement in the protection of people with a mental illness in lowerincome communities.
R.J. Bursik, & H.G. Grasmick, (1993) believes encounters that take place in higherincome neighborhoods may result in referral or transport to services than those in lower-income
areas. Battles taking place in higher-income and higher-stability communities are likely to be
dispatch-initiated and take place in a private home compared to those in lower-income
and lower-stability communities. Klinger (1997) and Smith (1987) suggest ways to improve the
outcomes of police interactions with persons with a mental illness and it becomes essential to
consider other background variables that could influence how law enforcement may behave. This
study will examine the effect of neighborhood context as a background variable. Specifically, it
will explore how variations in neighborhood income levels are related to law enforcement
behavior toward mentally ill individuals.
This qualitative case study will be conducted exclusively in Jackson, Mississippi. This
location was chosen because Jackson Mississippi has both low- and high-income
neighborhoods. Jackson is a comparatively large city that is in the state of Mississippi. Jackson
has a population of about 167,000 people and about 50 fundamental neighborhoods. In
Mississippi, Jackson is the largest community. According to Welfareinfo.org. (2019), an online
article, it states the poverty rate in Jackson almost 29%. Out of every
4 residents in Jackson one live in poverty. That’s almost 48,000 of 167,000 Jackson
residents whose reported income levels are below the poverty line within the last year (2018).
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative research study is to investigate, understand, and
explore the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and police
treatment of mentally ill individuals. I will investigate to see how law enforcement records and
reacts to circumstances involving people with a mental illness in both low-income and highincome communities and the communication law enforcement has when assisting mentally ill
people in their communities. Another objective is to explore how police might utilize different
approaches in high-and low-income neighborhoods while minimizing deaths, learning effective
ways to communicate, and to see if there is any training needed within law enforcement agencies
(Lum et al. 2015) or within the public.
Research Question(s)
1. What is the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and
police treatment of mentally ill individuals?
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
Prospectus
Social Sensitivity of Law Enforcement to Mentally Ill
Melissa Griffin
PhD of Public Policy and Administration
A00762868
2
Prospectus: Social Sensitivity of Law Enforcement to Mentally Ill Individuals
Problem Statement
Mental health disability strikes people in every culture and ethnic group. People with a
mental health disability may experience problems (Araujo & Borrell, 2012) with little to no
social support. They can face difficulties such as having a job, finding a decent place to live, and
treatment (Borinstein, 1992; Overton & Medina, 2008). Others may view people with mental
health disabilities as individuals who are dangerous, loud, violent, and having unpredictable
behaviors (Araujo & Borrell, 2012; Bathje & Pryor, 2011). The stigma with mental health
disability may deprive people of their self-respect, affect the way they participate in public, and
discriminate against them due to their mental health disability (Anglin, Link, & Phelan, 2006;
Corrigan, Byrne, Davis, & Watson, 2005).
One issue law enforcement and the mentally ill have is violence and taking away a
person’s rights. These are violations and a significant barrier against people with a
mental illness. Monahan, J et al. (2001) states many people with mental illness are no more likely
to be violent than the general population unless they are left untreated. Reducing police violence
against a person with a mental illness has received increasing attention in communities with a
high-income. Kohrt, B.A. et al. (2015) believes there exists a lack of implementation models for
the involvement of law enforcement in the protection of people with a mental illness in lowerincome communities.
R.J. Bursik, & H.G. Grasmick, (1993) believes encounters that take place in higherincome neighborhoods may result in referral or transport to services than those in lower-income
areas. Battles taking place in higher-income and higher-stability communities are likely to be
dispatch-initiated and take place in a private home compared to those in lower-income
3
and lower-stability communities. Klinger (1997) and Smith (1987) suggest ways to improve the
outcomes of police interactions with persons with a mental illness and it becomes essential to
consider other background variables that could influence how law enforcement may behave. This
study will examine the effect of neighborhood context as a background variable. Specifically, it
will explore how variations in neighborhood income levels are related to law enforcement
behavior toward mentally ill individuals.
This qualitative case study will be conducted exclusively in Jackson, Mississippi. This
location was chosen because Jackson Mississippi has both low- and high-income
neighborhoods. Jackson is a comparatively large city that is in the state of Mississippi. Jackson
has a population of about 167,000 people and about 50 fundamental neighborhoods. In
Mississippi, Jackson is the largest community. According to Welfareinfo.org. (2019), an online
article, it states the poverty rate in Jackson almost 29%. Out of every
4 residents in Jackson one live in poverty. That’s almost 48,000 of 167,000 Jackson
residents whose reported income levels are below the poverty line within the last year (2018).
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative research study is to investigate, understand, and
explore the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and police
treatment of mentally ill individuals. I will investigate to see how law enforcement records and
reacts to circumstances involving people with a mental illness in both low-income and highincome communities and the communication law enforcement has when assisting mentally ill
people in their communities. Another objective is to explore how police might utilize different
approaches in high-and low-income neighborhoods while minimizing deaths, learning effective
4
ways to communicate, and to see if there is any training needed within law enforcement agencies
(Lum et al. 2015) or within the public.
Research Question(s)
1. What is the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and
police treatment of mentally ill individuals?
5
References
Anglin, D., Link, B., & Phelan, J. (2006). Racial differences in stigmatizing attitudes toward
people with mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 57(6).
Araujo, B., & Borrell, L. (2012). Understanding the link between discrimination, mental health
outcomes, and life chances among Latinos. Hispanic Journal of Behavior Sciences. 28(2),
245-266.
Bathje, G., & Pryor, J. (2011). The relationship of public and self-stigma to seeking mental
health services. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 33(2), 161-176.
Borinstein, A. (1992). Public attitudes toward persons with mental illness. Health Affairs, 11(3),
186-196.
Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective
community control. Macmillan, New York (1993)
Corrigan, P., Watson, A., Byrne, P., & Davis, K. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Problem of
public health or social justice? National Association of Social Workers. 363-368.
Klinger, David A. (1997). Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police
response to deviance Criminology, 35 (2) (1997), pp. 277-306
Kohrt, B. A., Blasingame, E., Compton, M. T., Dakana, S. F., Dossen, B., Lang, F., … Cooper,
J. (2015). Adapting the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model of Police–Mental Health
Collaboration in a Low-Income, Post-Conflict Country: Curriculum Development
in Liberia, West Africa. American Journal of Public Health, 105(3), e73–e80. https://doiorg.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302394
Lum, C., Koper, C.S., Merola, L.M., Scherer, A., and Reioux, A. (2015). Existing and Ongoing
Body Worn Camera Research: Knowledge gaps and opportunities. Report for the Laura
6
and John Arnold Foundation. Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy,
George Mason University.
Monahan, J., Steadman, H., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P., Robbins, P., Mulvey, E., et al. (2001).
Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacAr-thur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence.
New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press.
Overton, S. & Medina, S. (2008). The stigma of mental illness. Journal of Counseling &
Development. 86, 143-151.
Riksheim, Eric C. (1987). Causes of police behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21 (1993),
pp. 353-382
Smith, D. A. (1987). Police response to interpersonal violence: Defining the parameters of legal
control Social Forces, 65 (3) (1987), pp. 767-782
Teplin, L., McClelland, G., Abram, K., & Weiner, D. (2005). Crime victimization in adults
withsevere mental illness: Comparison with the National Crime Victimization
Survey.Archives of General Psychi-atry, 62(8), 911-921. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.8
Welfareinfo.org. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.welfareinfo.org/povertyrate/mississippi/jackson
Problem Statement
Mental health disability strikes people in every culture and ethnic group. People with a
mental health disability may experience problems (Araujo & Borrell, 2012) with little to no
social support. They can face difficulties such as having a job, finding a decent place to live, and
treatment (Borinstein, 1992; Overton & Medina, 2008). Others may view people with mental
health disabilities as individuals who are dangerous, loud, violent, and having unpredictable
behaviors (Araujo & Borrell, 2012; Bathje & Pryor, 2011). The stigma with mental health
disability may deprive people of their self-respect, affect the way they participate in public, and
discriminate against them due to their mental health disability (Anglin, Link, & Phelan, 2006;
Corrigan, Byrne, Davis, & Watson, 2005).
One issue law enforcement and the mentally ill have is violence and taking away a
person’s rights. These are violations and a significant barrier against people with a
mental illness. Monahan, J et al. (2001) states many people with mental illness are no more likely
to be violent than the general population unless they are left untreated. Reducing police violence
against a person with a mental illness has received increasing attention in communities with a
high-income. Kohrt, B.A. et al. (2015) believes there exists a lack of implementation models for
the involvement of law enforcement in the protection of people with a mental illness in lowerincome communities.
R.J. Bursik, & H.G. Grasmick, (1993) believes encounters that take place in higherincome neighborhoods may result in referral or transport to services than those in lower-income
areas. Battles taking place in higher-income and higher-stability communities are likely to be
dispatch-initiated and take place in a private home compared to those in lower-income
and lower-stability communities. Klinger (1997) and Smith (1987) suggest ways to improve the
outcomes of police interactions with persons with a mental illness and it becomes essential to
consider other background variables that could influence how law enforcement may behave. This
study will examine the effect of neighborhood context as a background variable. Specifically, it
will explore how variations in neighborhood income levels are related to law enforcement
behavior toward mentally ill individuals.
This qualitative case study will be conducted exclusively in Jackson, Mississippi. This
location was chosen because Jackson Mississippi has both low- and high-income
neighborhoods. Jackson is a comparatively large city that is in the state of Mississippi. Jackson
has a population of about 167,000 people and about 50 fundamental neighborhoods. In
Mississippi, Jackson is the largest community. According to Welfareinfo.org. (2019), an online
article, it states the poverty rate in Jackson almost 29%. Out of every
4 residents in Jackson one live in poverty. That’s almost 48,000 of 167,000 Jackson
residents whose reported income levels are below the poverty line within the last year (2018).
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative research study is to investigate, understand, and
explore the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and police
treatment of mentally ill individuals. I will investigate to see how law enforcement records and
reacts to circumstances involving people with a mental illness in both low-income and highincome communities and the communication law enforcement has when assisting mentally ill
people in their communities. Another objective is to explore how police might utilize different
approaches in high-and low-income neighborhoods while minimizing deaths, learning effective
ways to communicate, and to see if there is any training needed within law enforcement agencies
(Lum et al. 2015) or within the public.
Research Question(s)
1. What is the relationship between neighborhood income levels in Jackson, Mississippi and
police treatment of mentally ill individuals?
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
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