Description
One of the pivotal goals of consumer health literacy efforts is to design educational materials that attract as well as educate users. In this Assignment, you design a health information document on a topic that is of interest to you.
To prepare:
- Select a health issue of interest to you.
- Identify the audience or population that you seek to educate about this issue.
- Search the Internet to find credible sites containing information about your selected topic.
- Review the two health literacy websites listed in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus on strategies for presenting information.
To complete:
- Design an educational handout on the health issue you selected.
- Include a cover page.
- Include an introduction that provides:
- An explanation of your issue and why you selected it
- A description of the audience you are addressing
- In the handout itself:
- Develop your handout in such a way that it attracts the attention of the intended audience.
- Include a description of the health issue and additional content that will enhance your message (i.e., key terms and definitions, graphics, illustrations, etc.).
- Recommend four or five sites that provide clear, valuable, and reliable information on the topic.
Running head: BREAST CANCER DISEASE
NURS 6051: Transforming Nursing and Healthcare through Technology
Developing a Health Information Patient Handout
Dr. Mary Rodgers
Walden University
Stanley Okeyemi
Week 11 Assignment
February 12th, 2017
1
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
2
With the range of diseases that exist in our society today, breast cancer likely remains one of the
most popular diseases known by many, even around the world. The National Breast Cancer Foundation
states that “1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. There is currently no known
cure for breast cancer, and its early diagnosis is critical to survival. Breast cancer can commonly be
diagnosed in clinical settings through Mammogram, Ultrasound, MRI, Biopsy, and some additional lab
tests.” The intensity of mortality by this disease was further elaborated on that “each year in the United
States, about 220,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women, and about 40,000 women die from it
yearly. Breast cancer is not only limited to women. About 2,000 men are diagnosed yearly in the U.S, with
400 men dying from it” (CDC, 2016). With the alarming rate of this occurrence, a further look into the
work of Reeder-Hayes, Wheeler, and Mayer (2015) shows that “even though African American women
now receive screening mammography at least as often as white women, there remains a persistent problem
of health disparities in breast cancer care and outcomes. Mortality rates remain higher among AfricanAmerican women, despite the fact that breast cancer incidence is higher in white women. Such data suggest
that racial differences in biology, receipt of appropriate and timely treatment and follow-up care, and other
non–cancer-related conditions may account for differences in all-cause and breast cancer-specific
mortality.” These analyses reveal that the burden of breast cancer is not shared equally among all women.
“Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. In some regions,
including Europe and Australia, it is the most common cause of death from cancer in women. Mortality
rates have started to decline in some regions not only because of improvements in early detection and
treatment but also because of improvements in the delivery of care” (Bertero & Wilmoth, 2007 pp 194). To
allow a continuation of the declining rate of this disease, much public awareness and its early detection is
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
3
crucial to the predisposed population. Individuals, dedicated organizations, and health care professionals
can help impose continuous education, awareness about lifestyle practices, and routine check-up, as part of
the essential steps needed by these predisposed individuals in containing this life-threatening disease. The
advertisement of a pink ribbon being displayed by some individuals, companies, and televised especially
in the month of October each year has been a universal symbol of raising awareness to the society about
the existence of this disease and how people can seek treatment option.
The purpose of this handout is to promote health literacy by designing an educational material that
attracts and educate the society about breast cancer disease, thus, identifying, promoting and creating an
awareness about the risk factors for breast cancer, prevention of breast cancer, signs and symptoms of
breast cancer, screening and treatment options open to positively improve or contain this problem for the
women of age predisposed to this disease in our society. The article by Odle (2016, pp 535M) states that
research has shown that patients typically do not receive balanced information about benefits and harms of
screening, nor are they asked to participate in the decision to be screened. Setting out awareness to combat
breast cancer should be aggressive and empowering to these susceptible individuals subjected to take
control of their health due to the shattering nature of this disease that potentially seizes life without remorse.
Risk Factors and Prevention of Breast Cancer
There are certain risk factors associated with the cause of breast cancer. There can be
divided into two categories, which includes the Genetic Factors also known as risk factors that
cannot be changed, and the Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors, also known as avoidable
risk factors (national breast cancer foundation).
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
4
http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors
Genetic Factors (Risk factors that cannot be changed):
•
Age: Two out of three women with invasive cancer are diagnosed after age 55
•
Race: Breast cancer is diagnosed more often in Caucasian women than women of other races.
•
Family History and Genetic Factors: If your mother, sister, father or child has been diagnosed
with breast or ovarian cancer, you have a higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the
future.
•
Personal Health History: If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer in one breast, you have
an increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the other breast in the future
•
Menstrual and Reproductive History: Early menstruation (before age 12), late menopause (after
55), having your first child at an older age, or never having given birth can also increase your risk
for breast cancer.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
5
Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors (Avoidable risk factors):
•
Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity can increase your risk for
breast cancer.
•
Poor Diet: A diet high in saturated fat and lack of fruits and vegetables can increase your risk for breast
cancer.
•
Being Overweight or Obese: Being overweight or obese can increase your risk for breast cancer. Your
risk is increased if you have already gone through menopause.
•
Drinking Alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase your risk for breast cancer. The more
alcohol you consume, the greater the risk.
•
Radiation to the Chest: Having radiation therapy to the chest before the age of 30 can increase your risk
for breast cancer.
•
Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Taking combined hormone replacement therapy,
as prescribed for menopause, can increase your risk of breast cancer and increases the risk that cancer
will be detected at a more advanced stage.
Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Knowing how your breasts normally look and feel is an important part of breast health. According
to the American Cancer Society, the most common symptom of breast cancer is a new lump or mass. A
painless, hard mass that has irregular edges is more likely to be cancer, but breast cancers can be tender,
soft, or rounded. They can even be painful. For this reason, it is important to have any new breast mass
or lump or breast change checked by a health care provider experienced in diagnosing breast diseases.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Other possible symptoms of breast cancer include:
•
Swelling of all or part of a breast (even if no distinct lump is felt)
•
Skin irritation or dimpling
•
Breast or nipple pain
•
Nipple retraction (turning inward)
•
Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin
•
Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)
Screening for Breast Cancer
6
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
7
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE): A CBE is a self-exam where one feels the breast for any abnormalities in the
form of lumps or small nodules. This may be done at home at the patient’s convenience. But it is important
to learn how it is done properly from your provider before proceeding.
Mammogram: A mammogram is an x-ray that allows a qualified specialist to examine the breast
tissue for any suspicious areas. In a diagnostic mammogram, more x-rays are taken, providing
views of the breast from multiple vantage points.
Ultrasound: A breast ultrasound is a scan that uses penetrating sound waves that do not affect or
damage the tissue and cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound takes detailed pictures of the breast
tissue called sonograms.
MRI: During a breast MRI, a magnet connected to a computer transmits magnetic energy and
radio waves (not radiation) through the breast tissue. It scans the tissue, making detailed pictures
of areas within the breast.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
8
Biopsy: A breast biopsy is a test that removes tissue or sometimes fluid from the suspicious area.
The removed cells are examined under a microscope and further tested to check for the presence
of breast cancer.
Lab Tests: If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, your doctor may order additional lab tests to
assist with prognosis.
There is a better prognosis if breast cancer is detected in the earlier stage. Therefore, it is imperative
for routine screening to be performed by all women starting at the age of 40 annually or every two years.
Women with a higher risk of this disease might be recommended by the physician earlier and more frequent
mammograms.
Treatment Options and Resources for Breast Cancer
Hormone Therapy: This is done by administering hormonal medications which work by either lowering
the amount of the hormone estrogen in the body or by blocking the action of estrogen on breast cancer
cells.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Radiation Therapy: This is a highly targeted and highly effective way to destroy cancer cells in the
breast that may stick around after surgery. Your radiation treatments will be overseen by a radiation
oncologist, a cancer doctor who specializes in radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body,
including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the
body.
Lumpectomy: This is surgery in which only the cancerous tumor and some surrounding tissue are
removed.
Mastectomy: This is the surgical removal of breast tissue. This could either be done as a preventative
measure in high-risk patients or to rebuild breast tissue that has been attacked by the cancer cells.
For more information about breast cancer, go online or call:
American Cancer Society
1800-ACS-2345 or www.cancer.org
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1800-CDC-INFO or www.cdc.gov/cancer
National Cancer Institute
1800-4-CANCER or www.cancer.gov
People Living with Cancer/ American Society of Clinical Oncology
1888-651-3038 or www.plwc.org
9
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
References
National Breast Cancer Foundation, Retrieved from
http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-
cancer-diagnosis
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016).
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/pdf/breastcancerfactsheet.pdf
Reeder-Hayes, K. E., Wheeler, S. B., & Mayer, D. K. (2015). Health Disparities Across the
Breast Cancer Continuum. Seminars In Oncology Nursing, 31(2), 170-177.
doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2015.02.005
10
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Berterö, C., & Wilmoth, M. (2007). Breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment affecting the self: a
meta-synthesis. Cancer Nursing, 30(3), 194-204.
Odle, T. G. (2016). Breast Cancer Screening Benefits: Research and Controversies. Radiologic
Technology, 87(5), 529M-548M
American Cancer Society. (2016).
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breastcancer
National Cancer Institute (2016).
http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp
11
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
NURS 6051: Transforming Nursing and Healthcare through Technology
Developing a Health Information Patient Handout
Dr. Mary Rodgers
Walden University
Stanley Okeyemi
Week 11 Assignment
February 12th, 2017
1
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
2
With the range of diseases that exist in our society today, breast cancer likely remains one of the
most popular diseases known by many, even around the world. The National Breast Cancer Foundation
states that “1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. There is currently no known
cure for breast cancer, and its early diagnosis is critical to survival. Breast cancer can commonly be
diagnosed in clinical settings through Mammogram, Ultrasound, MRI, Biopsy, and some additional lab
tests.” The intensity of mortality by this disease was further elaborated on that “each year in the United
States, about 220,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women, and about 40,000 women die from it
yearly. Breast cancer is not only limited to women. About 2,000 men are diagnosed yearly in the U.S, with
400 men dying from it” (CDC, 2016). With the alarming rate of this occurrence, a further look into the
work of Reeder-Hayes, Wheeler, and Mayer (2015) shows that “even though African American women
now receive screening mammography at least as often as white women, there remains a persistent problem
of health disparities in breast cancer care and outcomes. Mortality rates remain higher among AfricanAmerican women, despite the fact that breast cancer incidence is higher in white women. Such data suggest
that racial differences in biology, receipt of appropriate and timely treatment and follow-up care, and other
non–cancer-related conditions may account for differences in all-cause and breast cancer-specific
mortality.” These analyses reveal that the burden of breast cancer is not shared equally among all women.
“Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. In some regions,
including Europe and Australia, it is the most common cause of death from cancer in women. Mortality
rates have started to decline in some regions not only because of improvements in early detection and
treatment but also because of improvements in the delivery of care” (Bertero & Wilmoth, 2007 pp 194). To
allow a continuation of the declining rate of this disease, much public awareness and its early detection is
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
3
crucial to the predisposed population. Individuals, dedicated organizations, and health care professionals
can help impose continuous education, awareness about lifestyle practices, and routine check-up, as part of
the essential steps needed by these predisposed individuals in containing this life-threatening disease. The
advertisement of a pink ribbon being displayed by some individuals, companies, and televised especially
in the month of October each year has been a universal symbol of raising awareness to the society about
the existence of this disease and how people can seek treatment option.
The purpose of this handout is to promote health literacy by designing an educational material that
attracts and educate the society about breast cancer disease, thus, identifying, promoting and creating an
awareness about the risk factors for breast cancer, prevention of breast cancer, signs and symptoms of
breast cancer, screening and treatment options open to positively improve or contain this problem for the
women of age predisposed to this disease in our society. The article by Odle (2016, pp 535M) states that
research has shown that patients typically do not receive balanced information about benefits and harms of
screening, nor are they asked to participate in the decision to be screened. Setting out awareness to combat
breast cancer should be aggressive and empowering to these susceptible individuals subjected to take
control of their health due to the shattering nature of this disease that potentially seizes life without remorse.
Risk Factors and Prevention of Breast Cancer
There are certain risk factors associated with the cause of breast cancer. There can be
divided into two categories, which includes the Genetic Factors also known as risk factors that
cannot be changed, and the Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors, also known as avoidable
risk factors (national breast cancer foundation).
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
4
http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors
Genetic Factors (Risk factors that cannot be changed):
•
Age: Two out of three women with invasive cancer are diagnosed after age 55
•
Race: Breast cancer is diagnosed more often in Caucasian women than women of other races.
•
Family History and Genetic Factors: If your mother, sister, father or child has been diagnosed
with breast or ovarian cancer, you have a higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the
future.
•
Personal Health History: If you have been diagnosed with breast cancer in one breast, you have
an increased risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the other breast in the future
•
Menstrual and Reproductive History: Early menstruation (before age 12), late menopause (after
55), having your first child at an older age, or never having given birth can also increase your risk
for breast cancer.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
5
Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors (Avoidable risk factors):
•
Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity can increase your risk for
breast cancer.
•
Poor Diet: A diet high in saturated fat and lack of fruits and vegetables can increase your risk for breast
cancer.
•
Being Overweight or Obese: Being overweight or obese can increase your risk for breast cancer. Your
risk is increased if you have already gone through menopause.
•
Drinking Alcohol: Frequent consumption of alcohol can increase your risk for breast cancer. The more
alcohol you consume, the greater the risk.
•
Radiation to the Chest: Having radiation therapy to the chest before the age of 30 can increase your risk
for breast cancer.
•
Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Taking combined hormone replacement therapy,
as prescribed for menopause, can increase your risk of breast cancer and increases the risk that cancer
will be detected at a more advanced stage.
Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Knowing how your breasts normally look and feel is an important part of breast health. According
to the American Cancer Society, the most common symptom of breast cancer is a new lump or mass. A
painless, hard mass that has irregular edges is more likely to be cancer, but breast cancers can be tender,
soft, or rounded. They can even be painful. For this reason, it is important to have any new breast mass
or lump or breast change checked by a health care provider experienced in diagnosing breast diseases.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Other possible symptoms of breast cancer include:
•
Swelling of all or part of a breast (even if no distinct lump is felt)
•
Skin irritation or dimpling
•
Breast or nipple pain
•
Nipple retraction (turning inward)
•
Redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin
•
Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)
Screening for Breast Cancer
6
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
7
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE): A CBE is a self-exam where one feels the breast for any abnormalities in the
form of lumps or small nodules. This may be done at home at the patient’s convenience. But it is important
to learn how it is done properly from your provider before proceeding.
Mammogram: A mammogram is an x-ray that allows a qualified specialist to examine the breast
tissue for any suspicious areas. In a diagnostic mammogram, more x-rays are taken, providing
views of the breast from multiple vantage points.
Ultrasound: A breast ultrasound is a scan that uses penetrating sound waves that do not affect or
damage the tissue and cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound takes detailed pictures of the breast
tissue called sonograms.
MRI: During a breast MRI, a magnet connected to a computer transmits magnetic energy and
radio waves (not radiation) through the breast tissue. It scans the tissue, making detailed pictures
of areas within the breast.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
8
Biopsy: A breast biopsy is a test that removes tissue or sometimes fluid from the suspicious area.
The removed cells are examined under a microscope and further tested to check for the presence
of breast cancer.
Lab Tests: If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, your doctor may order additional lab tests to
assist with prognosis.
There is a better prognosis if breast cancer is detected in the earlier stage. Therefore, it is imperative
for routine screening to be performed by all women starting at the age of 40 annually or every two years.
Women with a higher risk of this disease might be recommended by the physician earlier and more frequent
mammograms.
Treatment Options and Resources for Breast Cancer
Hormone Therapy: This is done by administering hormonal medications which work by either lowering
the amount of the hormone estrogen in the body or by blocking the action of estrogen on breast cancer
cells.
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Radiation Therapy: This is a highly targeted and highly effective way to destroy cancer cells in the
breast that may stick around after surgery. Your radiation treatments will be overseen by a radiation
oncologist, a cancer doctor who specializes in radiation therapy.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body,
including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the
body.
Lumpectomy: This is surgery in which only the cancerous tumor and some surrounding tissue are
removed.
Mastectomy: This is the surgical removal of breast tissue. This could either be done as a preventative
measure in high-risk patients or to rebuild breast tissue that has been attacked by the cancer cells.
For more information about breast cancer, go online or call:
American Cancer Society
1800-ACS-2345 or www.cancer.org
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1800-CDC-INFO or www.cdc.gov/cancer
National Cancer Institute
1800-4-CANCER or www.cancer.gov
People Living with Cancer/ American Society of Clinical Oncology
1888-651-3038 or www.plwc.org
9
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
References
National Breast Cancer Foundation, Retrieved from
http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-
cancer-diagnosis
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2016).
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/pdf/breastcancerfactsheet.pdf
Reeder-Hayes, K. E., Wheeler, S. B., & Mayer, D. K. (2015). Health Disparities Across the
Breast Cancer Continuum. Seminars In Oncology Nursing, 31(2), 170-177.
doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2015.02.005
10
PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG WOMEN
Berterö, C., & Wilmoth, M. (2007). Breast cancer diagnosis and its treatment affecting the self: a
meta-synthesis. Cancer Nursing, 30(3), 194-204.
Odle, T. G. (2016). Breast Cancer Screening Benefits: Research and Controversies. Radiologic
Technology, 87(5), 529M-548M
American Cancer Society. (2016).
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/detailedguide/breastcancer
National Cancer Institute (2016).
http://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp
11
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
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