Description
ubmit a 2- to 3-page paper in which you:
- Explain how the data set relates to your Final Project.
- Evaluate the data set for validity and integrity. Explain whether the data are valid and reliable and justify your response.
- Explain possible strategies for overcoming the limitations of the secondary data.
- Explain the process for selecting a data set and determining its integrity. Provide a rationale for your answer.
Support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate. Refer to the Essential Guide to APA Style for Walden Students to ensure that your in-text citations and reference list are correct.
Running head: MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
1
Mental Health Issues
Name
Institutional Affiliation
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
2
Mental Health Issues
Section I
Summarize The Health Problem Related To The Particular Community You Identified For
Your Final Project.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention statistics show that approximately 9% of all
Americans suffer from feelings of despondence, hopelessness and are diagnosed with depression. At
any given time in America, 3% of adults are suffering from major depression. Major depression s
characterized as prolonged and severe depression. The CDC holds that understanding the statistics
surrounding depression will help the community paint a more accurate picture of the impact that
depression has in America. Race has been cited as a factor in the prevalence of depression. African
Americans, for instance, have ben categorized as having a reduced rate of depression compared to
their White counterparts. However, a study by the CDC shows that African Americans are currently
leading in the prevalence of depression. However, combating depression in the community is
influenced by beliefs about stigma, psychological openness, and help seeking. The present research
aims to address the issues surrounding the stigma African Americans males face in their efforts to
seek treatment for depression.
Research Question Related To A Problem.
What are the beliefs of stigma, psychological openness, and help-seeking that affect the treatment of
depression among African American males?
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
3
Rationale for Your Selection of This Question, Along With Supporting Data
The African American community is disproportionately represented in the American
criminal justice system. People of color make 60% of the people in prison, 37% of people who
are arrested on drug charges, and 14% of illicit drug users among others. The American
Psychological Association consists of less than 2% of members of the African American
community. Due to the community’s underrepresentation in mental health organizations,
practitioners have expressed concern over lack of necessary competence to treat specific issues
in the community. The concerns are compounded by instances of racism when seeking treatment.
Stigma and judgment are barriers to seeking treatment. Research shows that African Americans
believe that crazy can be used to indicate anxiety or depression, and discussions on mental illness
are inappropriate within their families. The focus of the research question will be to show how
the stigma surrounding depression among the community has influenced its treatment.
Section II
Resources on the Identified Public Health Problem Related To the Research Question
1. Brown, C., Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N., Beach, S., Battista, D., &
Reynolds, C. F. (2010). DEPRESSION STIGMA, RACE, AND TREATMENT
SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3),
350–368. http://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20368
In the study, Brown, et al, (2010), looks at the correlation between stigma and treatment attitudes
in the African American and white community. The findings of the study are based on surveys
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
4
conducted via telephone to assess aspects like symptoms, demography, stigma, and attitudes
related to treatment and behaviors. The findings of the study show that stigma mediated the
relationship between attitudes of mental health. Using within group analysis, the study shows
how among the African American community, stigma is directly related to mental health
treatment attitudes. The significance of the study is the within group analysis that shows the
relation between Whites and African Americans when it comes to issues of stigma in mental
health.
2. Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Rosen, D., Albert, S., McMurray, M. L., …
& Koeske, G. (2010). Barriers to treatment and culturally endorsed coping strategies
among depressed African-American older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 14(8), 971983.
Conner, et al, (2010) shows how older adults are at a higher risk of depression yet less
likely to seek treatment for the same. The problem is more prevalent among African American
males compared to any ethnic group. Conner, et al, (2010) conducts a qualitative study that seeks
to examine the experiences of depressed males of African American community and the barriers
they encountered when seeking help. Using interviews, Conner, et al, (2010) collected qualitative
data that showed that older men in the African American community face stigma when seeking
mental illness treatment. Conner, et al, (2010) strengths is based on the study’s analysis of beliefs
about depression, barriers to seeking treatment, and coping strategies that are endorsed in the
culture. However, the study used 37 interviews which are not sufficiently representative of the
community. The study will be useful when seeking content on qualitative information on the
issue addressed in the research.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
5
3.Canli, T. (2014). Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease. Biology of mood &
anxiety disorders, 4(1), 10.
The author of the article explained that major depressive disorder results from pathogens, which include
bacteria and virus. Moreover, the author postulates that the human body provides the environment where the
pathogenic microorganisms thrive and bring about the depressive disorders. Furthermore, the author of the
article argues that major depressive disorder is the common mental disease.
he author elaborated that pharmacological treatment techniques are still similar as the past. Furthermore, the
author suggested that major depressive disorder may be perceived or understood as another form of
contagious infection. The author has explained how patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder also
show symptoms of sickness and hence argues that major depressive disorder is an infectious disease. Besides,
the author was able to explain how the pathogenic microorganisms like the virus and bacteria alter the
emotional behavior of individuals infected.
In my opinion, the author’s argument was based on evidence and hence considers it as relevant. The author’s
work still needs more elaboration from the conducted research studies and hence opens a gap filled by future
researchers on the same field.
4.Hankerson, S. H., Suite, D., & Bailey, R. K. (2015). Treatment Disparities among African
American Men with Depression: Implications for Clinical Practice. Journal of Health Care
for the Poor and Underserved, 26(1), 21–34. http://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2015.0012
Despite the efforts by various organizations to raise awareness of depression, African
American men are still under utilizing the treatment options available. Hankerson, Suite, &
Bailey, (2015) look at complex socio-cultural issues ranging from racism and discrimination,
misdiagnosis, support networks, to cultural mistrust that impact disparities in treatment for
depression. Using secondary research, Hankerson, Suite, & Bailey, (2015) recommends ways
that African American men can be encouraged to seek treatment for mental health care. The
strength of the research is on addressing how African American men are impacted by an array of
factors in their efforts to seek treatment, playing in the research question that the study aims to
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
6
investigate. However, Hankerson, Suite, & Bailey, (2015) is a commentary that gathers data
from secondary sources and no primary data to support its conclusion.
5.Hudson, D. L., Eaton, J., Banks, A., Sewell, W., & Neighbors, H. (2018). “Down in the
Sewers”: Perceptions of Depression and Depression Care Among African American
Men. American journal of men’s health, 12(1), 126-137.
Depression is among the leading psychiatric disorders in America. Among the leading
disparities in its treatment is the under use of treatment among men of African American
community. There is no sufficient information on what is appropriate or acceptable with regards
to treatment of depression. Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, & Neighbors, (2018) conducted a
study with the aim to examine the perception surrounding depression and ascertain barriers to
treatment of the condition in the community. Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, & Neighbors,
(2018) used focus groups whose results showed that most men had never used treatment of
depression and identified barriers for instance, aspects of masculinity and mistrust of the system.
The findings of the research show the need to offer appropriate treatment options in the
community. The appropriateness of the study conducted by Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, &
Neighbors, (2018) is in the timeliness, considering it was concluded in 2018. Moreover, the
study offers insights into the community.
6.Ward, E., Wiltshire, J. C., Detry, M. A., & Brown, R. L. (2013). African American Men
and Women’s Attitude Toward Mental Illness, Perceptions of Stigma, and Preferred Coping
Behaviors. Nursing Research, 62(3), 185–194.
http://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e31827bf533
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
7
Ward, Wiltshire, Detry, & Brown, (2013) seeks to cover the gap in gender and age
differences among African Americans with regards to mental illness. The objective of the
research is to show whether beliefs, attitudes, and coping with mental illness are influenced by
gender. The research uses exploratory cross-sectional survey. The results indicate that depression
has no gender differences in the community with regards to its prevalence. However, the
community in general is not open to acknowledging the existence of a problem, with their
primary concern being stigma that comes with mental illness. The findings of the research show
that there is stigma, which will be addressed in the present research. The strength of the study by
Ward, Wiltshire, Detry, & Brown, (2013) is in how the researchers sought to understand mental
illness from the point of age and gender.
Problem Areas and Gaps in the Existing Research Revealed By the Annotated
Bibliography.
Despite the increased research into the issue of mental health in the African American
community with regards to stigma, there is still need for more research into how these three
components come together: What are the beliefs of stigma, psychological openness, and helpseeking that affect the treatment of depression among African American males?
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
1
Mental Health Issues
Name
Institutional Affiliation
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
2
Mental Health Issues
Section I
Summarize The Health Problem Related To The Particular Community You Identified For
Your Final Project.
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention statistics show that approximately 9% of all
Americans suffer from feelings of despondence, hopelessness and are diagnosed with depression. At
any given time in America, 3% of adults are suffering from major depression. Major depression s
characterized as prolonged and severe depression. The CDC holds that understanding the statistics
surrounding depression will help the community paint a more accurate picture of the impact that
depression has in America. Race has been cited as a factor in the prevalence of depression. African
Americans, for instance, have ben categorized as having a reduced rate of depression compared to
their White counterparts. However, a study by the CDC shows that African Americans are currently
leading in the prevalence of depression. However, combating depression in the community is
influenced by beliefs about stigma, psychological openness, and help seeking. The present research
aims to address the issues surrounding the stigma African Americans males face in their efforts to
seek treatment for depression.
Research Question Related To A Problem.
What are the beliefs of stigma, psychological openness, and help-seeking that affect the treatment of
depression among African American males?
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
3
Rationale for Your Selection of This Question, Along With Supporting Data
The African American community is disproportionately represented in the American
criminal justice system. People of color make 60% of the people in prison, 37% of people who
are arrested on drug charges, and 14% of illicit drug users among others. The American
Psychological Association consists of less than 2% of members of the African American
community. Due to the community’s underrepresentation in mental health organizations,
practitioners have expressed concern over lack of necessary competence to treat specific issues
in the community. The concerns are compounded by instances of racism when seeking treatment.
Stigma and judgment are barriers to seeking treatment. Research shows that African Americans
believe that crazy can be used to indicate anxiety or depression, and discussions on mental illness
are inappropriate within their families. The focus of the research question will be to show how
the stigma surrounding depression among the community has influenced its treatment.
Section II
Resources on the Identified Public Health Problem Related To the Research Question
1. Brown, C., Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N., Beach, S., Battista, D., &
Reynolds, C. F. (2010). DEPRESSION STIGMA, RACE, AND TREATMENT
SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(3),
350–368. http://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20368
In the study, Brown, et al, (2010), looks at the correlation between stigma and treatment attitudes
in the African American and white community. The findings of the study are based on surveys
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
4
conducted via telephone to assess aspects like symptoms, demography, stigma, and attitudes
related to treatment and behaviors. The findings of the study show that stigma mediated the
relationship between attitudes of mental health. Using within group analysis, the study shows
how among the African American community, stigma is directly related to mental health
treatment attitudes. The significance of the study is the within group analysis that shows the
relation between Whites and African Americans when it comes to issues of stigma in mental
health.
2. Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Rosen, D., Albert, S., McMurray, M. L., …
& Koeske, G. (2010). Barriers to treatment and culturally endorsed coping strategies
among depressed African-American older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 14(8), 971983.
Conner, et al, (2010) shows how older adults are at a higher risk of depression yet less
likely to seek treatment for the same. The problem is more prevalent among African American
males compared to any ethnic group. Conner, et al, (2010) conducts a qualitative study that seeks
to examine the experiences of depressed males of African American community and the barriers
they encountered when seeking help. Using interviews, Conner, et al, (2010) collected qualitative
data that showed that older men in the African American community face stigma when seeking
mental illness treatment. Conner, et al, (2010) strengths is based on the study’s analysis of beliefs
about depression, barriers to seeking treatment, and coping strategies that are endorsed in the
culture. However, the study used 37 interviews which are not sufficiently representative of the
community. The study will be useful when seeking content on qualitative information on the
issue addressed in the research.
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
5
3.Canli, T. (2014). Reconceptualizing major depressive disorder as an infectious disease. Biology of mood &
anxiety disorders, 4(1), 10.
The author of the article explained that major depressive disorder results from pathogens, which include
bacteria and virus. Moreover, the author postulates that the human body provides the environment where the
pathogenic microorganisms thrive and bring about the depressive disorders. Furthermore, the author of the
article argues that major depressive disorder is the common mental disease.
he author elaborated that pharmacological treatment techniques are still similar as the past. Furthermore, the
author suggested that major depressive disorder may be perceived or understood as another form of
contagious infection. The author has explained how patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder also
show symptoms of sickness and hence argues that major depressive disorder is an infectious disease. Besides,
the author was able to explain how the pathogenic microorganisms like the virus and bacteria alter the
emotional behavior of individuals infected.
In my opinion, the author’s argument was based on evidence and hence considers it as relevant. The author’s
work still needs more elaboration from the conducted research studies and hence opens a gap filled by future
researchers on the same field.
4.Hankerson, S. H., Suite, D., & Bailey, R. K. (2015). Treatment Disparities among African
American Men with Depression: Implications for Clinical Practice. Journal of Health Care
for the Poor and Underserved, 26(1), 21–34. http://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2015.0012
Despite the efforts by various organizations to raise awareness of depression, African
American men are still under utilizing the treatment options available. Hankerson, Suite, &
Bailey, (2015) look at complex socio-cultural issues ranging from racism and discrimination,
misdiagnosis, support networks, to cultural mistrust that impact disparities in treatment for
depression. Using secondary research, Hankerson, Suite, & Bailey, (2015) recommends ways
that African American men can be encouraged to seek treatment for mental health care. The
strength of the research is on addressing how African American men are impacted by an array of
factors in their efforts to seek treatment, playing in the research question that the study aims to
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
6
investigate. However, Hankerson, Suite, & Bailey, (2015) is a commentary that gathers data
from secondary sources and no primary data to support its conclusion.
5.Hudson, D. L., Eaton, J., Banks, A., Sewell, W., & Neighbors, H. (2018). “Down in the
Sewers”: Perceptions of Depression and Depression Care Among African American
Men. American journal of men’s health, 12(1), 126-137.
Depression is among the leading psychiatric disorders in America. Among the leading
disparities in its treatment is the under use of treatment among men of African American
community. There is no sufficient information on what is appropriate or acceptable with regards
to treatment of depression. Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, & Neighbors, (2018) conducted a
study with the aim to examine the perception surrounding depression and ascertain barriers to
treatment of the condition in the community. Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, & Neighbors,
(2018) used focus groups whose results showed that most men had never used treatment of
depression and identified barriers for instance, aspects of masculinity and mistrust of the system.
The findings of the research show the need to offer appropriate treatment options in the
community. The appropriateness of the study conducted by Hudson, Eaton, Banks, Sewell, &
Neighbors, (2018) is in the timeliness, considering it was concluded in 2018. Moreover, the
study offers insights into the community.
6.Ward, E., Wiltshire, J. C., Detry, M. A., & Brown, R. L. (2013). African American Men
and Women’s Attitude Toward Mental Illness, Perceptions of Stigma, and Preferred Coping
Behaviors. Nursing Research, 62(3), 185–194.
http://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0b013e31827bf533
MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
7
Ward, Wiltshire, Detry, & Brown, (2013) seeks to cover the gap in gender and age
differences among African Americans with regards to mental illness. The objective of the
research is to show whether beliefs, attitudes, and coping with mental illness are influenced by
gender. The research uses exploratory cross-sectional survey. The results indicate that depression
has no gender differences in the community with regards to its prevalence. However, the
community in general is not open to acknowledging the existence of a problem, with their
primary concern being stigma that comes with mental illness. The findings of the research show
that there is stigma, which will be addressed in the present research. The strength of the study by
Ward, Wiltshire, Detry, & Brown, (2013) is in how the researchers sought to understand mental
illness from the point of age and gender.
Problem Areas and Gaps in the Existing Research Revealed By the Annotated
Bibliography.
Despite the increased research into the issue of mental health in the African American
community with regards to stigma, there is still need for more research into how these three
components come together: What are the beliefs of stigma, psychological openness, and helpseeking that affect the treatment of depression among African American males?
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
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