Description
Hey Robert,
This is a paper you’ve done for me already. I have been making changes myself, but for some reason it’s still not good enough for this professor. This is the last time I can submit this I cannot get a “non-performance”. I just need you to make the changes the professor is talking aboit now please. I’ll upload the lastest version and I’ll put her feedback there. If you need the link or the directions to the original question let me know.
Here’s her feedback:
Create a public information piece that conveys a central tenet regarding institutional inequality.
Non-Performance
Does not create a public information piece.
Faculty Comments:“
Remember that you are to create a public information piece:
- Information booklet targeted to the general public.
- Position paper or brief targeted at state or federal legislators.
- Mock Web page (or pages) or blog.
- Public service announcement (a script for a radio or television program).
- PowerPoint presentation targeted to a specific audience, with a description of the audience and detailed speaker’s notes.
- A script for a speech to be given at a national meeting of practitioners who work in the criminal justice system.
Describe factors contributing to racial and ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system.
Non-Performance
Does not list factors contributing to racial and ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system.
Faculty Comments:“
The factors you’ve identified do not contribute to institutional discrimination in the CJ system. You are identifying individual factors – not societal factors.
”
CRITERION:Explain ways in which public policies are linked to racial and ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system.
Non-Performance
Does not list ways in which public policies are linked to racial and ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system.
Faculty Comments:“
I still do not see a discussion on the War on Drugs.
Let me know if you need anything else.
.
Running head: INSTITUTION RACISM
1
Institutional Racism
Nikki Singletary
Cultural Diversity
Capella University
January 2019
INSTITUTION RACISM
2
Institutional Racism
The present paper, directed at a general audience, aims to increase the awareness that the
average citizen has about a socially relevant issue such as institutional inequalities. In this
context, institutional racism or systemic racism which refers to the form of racism seen in the
practice of political and social institutions such as schools, courts, militaries, and etcetera. This
form of racism reflects in the disparities arising in income, wealth, employment, criminal justice,
health care, housing, political power, education, and other factors. Unlike the racism that is
perpetrated by individuals, institutional racism is capable of affecting a large segment of people
belonging to a particular group. Coined in 1967, the term institutional racism has attracted a lot
of attention. Researchers argue that although it is possible to identify individual racism quickly,
one cannot spot institutional racism easily because it is more subtle than individual racism. The
main reasons why people focus on individual racism and leave out the institutional racism
include the ease of identifying and dealing with individual racism. Without analysis and
statistics, one cannot easily determine the racism is happening at the institutional level.
In the United States, one of the episodes that left a significant impact on relations of race
is slavery. During the period where slavery was not illegal, slaves all over the world fought for
their freedom by bringing together people to rebel the slave trade. After the legislation to end
slavery got passed, the descendants of the slaves fought against racism and all attempts to
perpetuate racism. Some of the ways they used to rebel racism include the Civil Rights
movement.
However, the end of slavery through the passing of the legislation did not indeed mark an
end to racism. In some places such as Texas, slaves stayed under bondage for at least two years
after the Emancipation Proclamation. Racism has affected many institutions in the United States
INSTITUTION RACISM
3
of America, and although some people may defend that it no longer exists, the roots run very
deep and would take national effort to end it. Systemic bias is evident in some ways for instance;
black people face higher chances of wrongful drug convictions in courts compared to white
people.
According to some studies of wrongful convictions, the justice system in the United
States of America disproportionately judges the black people wrongfully. The studies found that
in murder, drug crimes and sexual assault, black people face higher chances of being convicted
wrongfully. At least 28.3 percent of the people arrested in 2013 were blacks (FBI, n.d). The
study also revealed that among the black people who were serving time for sexual assaults, there
were three and a half more chance of the black people being innocent compared to the white
people. While African Americans make up only 13 percent of the population in America, 47
percent of the race was part of the convictions. Institutional racism also exists in the political
platform when people are discussing the war on drugs. The ‘war on drugs’ campaign was in
response to the crack problems primarily facing the black communities. According to the
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013, 4.5 percent of black Americans had used crack
by the year 2013. The way institutions handled that campaign is different from the way they treat
the opioid epidemic that affects the white people mostly. Moreover, this conviction according to
which African Americans are drug dealers has motivated a more severe and often discriminative
treatment form part of the police officers, judges, and criminal guards.
Another evidence that institutional racism still exists involves the number of Hispanic or
African Americans serving time in prison. Although, the two races making up only one-quarter
of the population in the USA, 2.58 percent of prisoners come from the African American and
Hispanic community. Institutional discrimination does not only affect people through wrongful
INSTITUTION RACISM
4
convictions in the judicial system. According to the NAACP’s criminal justice fact sheet (n.d)
not only is 2.58 percent of the two races in correctional facilities, one in every six African
American men has served time in a correctional facility at one point of life. Summarily, African
Americans are imprisoned at six times the rate of white people.
Some of the factors that influence the way in which the criminal justice system
discriminates minorities such as African Americans and Latinos are their race and cultural
background. For instance, these factors determine that they will form part of gangs that have
their own rules and may take revenge against other people in the community if they perceive that
the job done by the police officers and the justice system is ineffective at controlling problems in
the city. Other factors that may contribute to such a situation are the economic difficulties faced
by these groups of people and their low literacy level as compared to the average white
American.
Institutional discrimination is so evident that it affects the voting rights of some people.
At least 13 percent of black people get denied their voting rights. First, the disproportionate and
unjust incarceration rates impact the lives of the people beyond their time in jail. In many states,
people convicted of felonies do not have the right to vote. Therefore, one in every ten African
American men cannot exercise his constitutional rights. Voting is one of the pillars of democracy
in the United States of America.
From statistics, one can see that Brown vs. Board failed to end the racial injustices that
take place in schools. Some schools practice more racial inequities now than in the earlier
decades. Eighty percent of students from Latino backgrounds and 4.74 percent of students from
the African American race attend school in institutions that have more than half-minority
INSTITUTION RACISM
5
population. These statistics count because they bring out the lack of integration that happens in
schools among the white and the black.
One can see institutional racism in the way schools discipline white students versus the
students of color. The students of color and more so the black students get a suspension or
expelled at three times the rate of other students, affecting the girls more. The overrepresentation
of black people in juvenile correctional facilities mostly results from the disparity in disciplinary
actions in schools (Alvarez, Liang, & Neville, 2016). The suspensions and expelling also explain
a large segment of the differences in academic achievements between the whites and people of
color.
In the healthcare system, racial and ethnical minorities face disproportionate barriers to
healthcare services. Many people of color are forced to settle for lower quality care because of
the cost barriers that affect the communities (Williams, Priest, & Anderson, 2016). According to
researchers, zones with high numbers of blacks and other minority groups have higher chances
of having low-quality health care compared to different zones. The cost of care, the location of
providers, exclusion from health researches among other factors contribute to the inequality in
healthcare provision.
According to a study conducted in 2013, the number of black college graduates that were
unemployed was almost two times that of unemployed graduates all over the country. In 2014, a
study revealed that at least 12 percent of graduates from the African American race were
unemployed. That is way higher than the 5.6 percent of the total number of college graduates that
were unemployed. The study stated that recession affected all college graduated, but it is
proportionately tricky for graduates from races of color. One factor that contributes mainly to
racial discrimination within the employment sector is the way culture still undermines the names
INSTITUTION RACISM
6
that fail to sound white. Some studies reveal that when a person with a name that sounds African
American or other minor races applies for a job, he/she is less likely to get an invite for an
interview when compared to those with names that sound ‘white.’
Institutional racism also affects housing in America. According to a report made by the
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, racism affects the housing market and is
evident by the statistics showing how homebuyers saw available houses. The study found that
home buyers and renters of color got told and shown fewer houses than the white buyers. The
attitudes that surround the people of color living in segregated areas played a significant role in
the discrimination. Some decades back, reports showed that very few white respondents (25
percent) were willing to buy or rent a house in an area where half the population was black.
An indication of institutional racism within the country is the wealth levels and
distribution. According to studies, the Latino and African American families hold less than 5
percent total wealth in the country while the white families hold ninety percent. The disparity
results from many factors including the racial biases in schools, incarceration, and employment.
Another survey conducted in 2013 revealed that the top ten families in America own the most
significant amount of wealth. Consequently, one works out that the net worth of the white
families is an estimated $134,000 which is ten times higher than that of Hispanic families
($14,000) and African American families ($11,000).
The disparities arising from institutional discrimination are overwhelming. Therefore, the
government and institutions need to identify ways to reduce and gradually end the problem. For
example, some of the policies that can mitigate institutional discrimination include making laws
that ensure the black and the white graduates have equal chances of getting good education and
employment. When African Americans have a fair opportunity like the white people, their
INSTITUTION RACISM
7
chances of committing crimes and ending up in correctional facilities will reduce. Consequently,
the justice system will judge people of color like white people. The government should also
solve the biases arising in the health sector by ensuring that all people have equal opportunities
to get health care services. In schools, the management should participate in ending the
segregation; students also can play a critical role in changing the system by rebelling against the
policies that support discrimination of some people based on their race. The students of color
deserve as much time in school as the white ones, therefore, their disciplinary periods should not
be discriminatory The voting system should also ensure that the rules that segregate some people
from exercising their rights get reviewed to protect the minority.
INSTITUTION RACISM
8
References
Alvarez, A. N., Liang, C. T., & Neville, H. A. (2016). The cost of racism for people of color:
Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. American Psychological Association.
Criminal Justice Fact Sheet, Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet/
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Persons arrested. Retrieved from
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/persons-arrested/personsarrested
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. (n.d.). Quick Tables. Retrieved
from https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/quicktables/quickoptions.do
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. B. (2016). Understanding associations among race,
socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects. Health Psychology, 35(4), 407.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
1
Institutional Racism
Nikki Singletary
Cultural Diversity
Capella University
January 2019
INSTITUTION RACISM
2
Institutional Racism
The present paper, directed at a general audience, aims to increase the awareness that the
average citizen has about a socially relevant issue such as institutional inequalities. In this
context, institutional racism or systemic racism which refers to the form of racism seen in the
practice of political and social institutions such as schools, courts, militaries, and etcetera. This
form of racism reflects in the disparities arising in income, wealth, employment, criminal justice,
health care, housing, political power, education, and other factors. Unlike the racism that is
perpetrated by individuals, institutional racism is capable of affecting a large segment of people
belonging to a particular group. Coined in 1967, the term institutional racism has attracted a lot
of attention. Researchers argue that although it is possible to identify individual racism quickly,
one cannot spot institutional racism easily because it is more subtle than individual racism. The
main reasons why people focus on individual racism and leave out the institutional racism
include the ease of identifying and dealing with individual racism. Without analysis and
statistics, one cannot easily determine the racism is happening at the institutional level.
In the United States, one of the episodes that left a significant impact on relations of race
is slavery. During the period where slavery was not illegal, slaves all over the world fought for
their freedom by bringing together people to rebel the slave trade. After the legislation to end
slavery got passed, the descendants of the slaves fought against racism and all attempts to
perpetuate racism. Some of the ways they used to rebel racism include the Civil Rights
movement.
However, the end of slavery through the passing of the legislation did not indeed mark an
end to racism. In some places such as Texas, slaves stayed under bondage for at least two years
after the Emancipation Proclamation. Racism has affected many institutions in the United States
INSTITUTION RACISM
3
of America, and although some people may defend that it no longer exists, the roots run very
deep and would take national effort to end it. Systemic bias is evident in some ways for instance;
black people face higher chances of wrongful drug convictions in courts compared to white
people.
According to some studies of wrongful convictions, the justice system in the United
States of America disproportionately judges the black people wrongfully. The studies found that
in murder, drug crimes and sexual assault, black people face higher chances of being convicted
wrongfully. At least 28.3 percent of the people arrested in 2013 were blacks (FBI, n.d). The
study also revealed that among the black people who were serving time for sexual assaults, there
were three and a half more chance of the black people being innocent compared to the white
people. While African Americans make up only 13 percent of the population in America, 47
percent of the race was part of the convictions. Institutional racism also exists in the political
platform when people are discussing the war on drugs. The ‘war on drugs’ campaign was in
response to the crack problems primarily facing the black communities. According to the
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2013, 4.5 percent of black Americans had used crack
by the year 2013. The way institutions handled that campaign is different from the way they treat
the opioid epidemic that affects the white people mostly. Moreover, this conviction according to
which African Americans are drug dealers has motivated a more severe and often discriminative
treatment form part of the police officers, judges, and criminal guards.
Another evidence that institutional racism still exists involves the number of Hispanic or
African Americans serving time in prison. Although, the two races making up only one-quarter
of the population in the USA, 2.58 percent of prisoners come from the African American and
Hispanic community. Institutional discrimination does not only affect people through wrongful
INSTITUTION RACISM
4
convictions in the judicial system. According to the NAACP’s criminal justice fact sheet (n.d)
not only is 2.58 percent of the two races in correctional facilities, one in every six African
American men has served time in a correctional facility at one point of life. Summarily, African
Americans are imprisoned at six times the rate of white people.
Some of the factors that influence the way in which the criminal justice system
discriminates minorities such as African Americans and Latinos are their race and cultural
background. For instance, these factors determine that they will form part of gangs that have
their own rules and may take revenge against other people in the community if they perceive that
the job done by the police officers and the justice system is ineffective at controlling problems in
the city. Other factors that may contribute to such a situation are the economic difficulties faced
by these groups of people and their low literacy level as compared to the average white
American.
Institutional discrimination is so evident that it affects the voting rights of some people.
At least 13 percent of black people get denied their voting rights. First, the disproportionate and
unjust incarceration rates impact the lives of the people beyond their time in jail. In many states,
people convicted of felonies do not have the right to vote. Therefore, one in every ten African
American men cannot exercise his constitutional rights. Voting is one of the pillars of democracy
in the United States of America.
From statistics, one can see that Brown vs. Board failed to end the racial injustices that
take place in schools. Some schools practice more racial inequities now than in the earlier
decades. Eighty percent of students from Latino backgrounds and 4.74 percent of students from
the African American race attend school in institutions that have more than half-minority
INSTITUTION RACISM
5
population. These statistics count because they bring out the lack of integration that happens in
schools among the white and the black.
One can see institutional racism in the way schools discipline white students versus the
students of color. The students of color and more so the black students get a suspension or
expelled at three times the rate of other students, affecting the girls more. The overrepresentation
of black people in juvenile correctional facilities mostly results from the disparity in disciplinary
actions in schools (Alvarez, Liang, & Neville, 2016). The suspensions and expelling also explain
a large segment of the differences in academic achievements between the whites and people of
color.
In the healthcare system, racial and ethnical minorities face disproportionate barriers to
healthcare services. Many people of color are forced to settle for lower quality care because of
the cost barriers that affect the communities (Williams, Priest, & Anderson, 2016). According to
researchers, zones with high numbers of blacks and other minority groups have higher chances
of having low-quality health care compared to different zones. The cost of care, the location of
providers, exclusion from health researches among other factors contribute to the inequality in
healthcare provision.
According to a study conducted in 2013, the number of black college graduates that were
unemployed was almost two times that of unemployed graduates all over the country. In 2014, a
study revealed that at least 12 percent of graduates from the African American race were
unemployed. That is way higher than the 5.6 percent of the total number of college graduates that
were unemployed. The study stated that recession affected all college graduated, but it is
proportionately tricky for graduates from races of color. One factor that contributes mainly to
racial discrimination within the employment sector is the way culture still undermines the names
INSTITUTION RACISM
6
that fail to sound white. Some studies reveal that when a person with a name that sounds African
American or other minor races applies for a job, he/she is less likely to get an invite for an
interview when compared to those with names that sound ‘white.’
Institutional racism also affects housing in America. According to a report made by the
US Department of Housing and Urban Development, racism affects the housing market and is
evident by the statistics showing how homebuyers saw available houses. The study found that
home buyers and renters of color got told and shown fewer houses than the white buyers. The
attitudes that surround the people of color living in segregated areas played a significant role in
the discrimination. Some decades back, reports showed that very few white respondents (25
percent) were willing to buy or rent a house in an area where half the population was black.
An indication of institutional racism within the country is the wealth levels and
distribution. According to studies, the Latino and African American families hold less than 5
percent total wealth in the country while the white families hold ninety percent. The disparity
results from many factors including the racial biases in schools, incarceration, and employment.
Another survey conducted in 2013 revealed that the top ten families in America own the most
significant amount of wealth. Consequently, one works out that the net worth of the white
families is an estimated $134,000 which is ten times higher than that of Hispanic families
($14,000) and African American families ($11,000).
The disparities arising from institutional discrimination are overwhelming. Therefore, the
government and institutions need to identify ways to reduce and gradually end the problem. For
example, some of the policies that can mitigate institutional discrimination include making laws
that ensure the black and the white graduates have equal chances of getting good education and
employment. When African Americans have a fair opportunity like the white people, their
INSTITUTION RACISM
7
chances of committing crimes and ending up in correctional facilities will reduce. Consequently,
the justice system will judge people of color like white people. The government should also
solve the biases arising in the health sector by ensuring that all people have equal opportunities
to get health care services. In schools, the management should participate in ending the
segregation; students also can play a critical role in changing the system by rebelling against the
policies that support discrimination of some people based on their race. The students of color
deserve as much time in school as the white ones, therefore, their disciplinary periods should not
be discriminatory The voting system should also ensure that the rules that segregate some people
from exercising their rights get reviewed to protect the minority.
INSTITUTION RACISM
8
References
Alvarez, A. N., Liang, C. T., & Neville, H. A. (2016). The cost of racism for people of color:
Contextualizing experiences of discrimination. American Psychological Association.
Criminal Justice Fact Sheet, Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet/
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Persons arrested. Retrieved from
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/persons-arrested/personsarrested
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. (n.d.). Quick Tables. Retrieved
from https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/quicktables/quickoptions.do
Williams, D. R., Priest, N., & Anderson, N. B. (2016). Understanding associations among race,
socioeconomic status, and health: Patterns and prospects. Health Psychology, 35(4), 407.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
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